Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis Deposition of SDS Surfactant Assisted Copper Oxide Thin Films

Vol. 9 No. 4

Year: 2014

Issue: May-Jul

Title : Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis Deposition of SDS Surfactant Assisted Copper Oxide Thin Films

Author Name : Iqbal Singh, Taminder Singh

Synopsis :

In this paper an attempt has been made to study the impact of surfactant on the properties of the ultrasonically spray deposited CuO films. An aqueous solution of cupric nitrate trihydrate (Cu(NO ) .3H O) modified with Sodium Dodecyl 3 2 2 Sulphate (SDS) surfactant is used to deposit CuO films on glass substrate by Ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique. The X'Pert Panlytical Diffractometer was employed for the phase identification of the films using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5405 Å, 30mA, 40 kV) in 2θ range from 30-80°. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Micrographs (FESEM) and EDAX (Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays) spectrum were recorded on JEOL JSM-6700F Scanning Electron Microscope with a beam voltage of 30 kV. The depth profiler (Dektek 3030 XT) was employed for monitoring the film thickness and was found to be 400 ± 20 nm. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) studies of the films deposited at various substrate temperatures indicate the formation of monoclinic CuO with preferential orientation along the(002) plane for all samples. Surfactant modified films showed an increase in crystallite size of 35 nm at substrate temperature of 300 °C. The Scanning Electron Micrograph (FESEM) confirms the uniform distribution of facets like grains on the entire area of substrate. The results obtained in this study illustrate that SDS modified films show a significant reduction in the particle agglomeration thereby increasing the surface to volume ratio which in turn improves their sensing performance.

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Prospects of Biogas in Climate Change Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation: A Study from Nepal

Vol. 9 No. 4

Year: 2014

Issue: May-Jul

Title : Prospects of Biogas in Climate Change Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation: A Study from Nepal

Author Name : ANUSHIYA SHRESTHA

Synopsis :

This study assesses the role of domestic biogas plants in mitigation and adaptation to climate change through a case study of Gaikhur VDC in Gorkha District in Nepal. Comparing the biogas and non-biogas households, the study found that use of biogas contributed in mitigation of climate change through reduced emission of greenhouse gases, avoided the deforestation and increased the carbon capture. Application of biogas energy contributed towards improving the adaptation to climate change impacts through saving of household income, improved health, reduced hardship and saved time. Furthermore, biogas extended the opportunity of financial benefits through reduced emissions. Lack of knowledge on fertilizer value of bio-slurry has been the major cause of high payback period of initial investment made on biogas installation. Disclosing and analyzing the constraints accelerated the use of domestic biogas plants. This study suggests ways to overcome constraints and in enabling environment for the biogas sector.

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Assessment of Noise Environment in Cardiac Hospital – A Case Study for an Indian City

Vol. 9 No. 4

Year: 2014

Issue: May-Jul

Title : Assessment of Noise Environment in Cardiac Hospital – A Case Study for an Indian City

Author Name : Idris Ahmed, Dr. Ajay R. Tembhurkar

Synopsis :

Assessment of impact of noise on sensitive area especially in hospital environment has become most crucial concern in the recent time. Cardiac patients are one of the most sensitive and worst affected due to noise pollution. A study is therefore conducted on 100 beds cardiac hospital with a focus to assess the noise level in the hospital environment. A 16- hours sound measurement study is done using sound level meter (DAWE Model No. 1421C) to ascertain the noise level. The results indicate that the noise levels exceeded the limit of noise level prescribed by the authority. There is a significant difference (p < 0.05) spatially and temporally, in the noise exposure levels at various locations within the hospital premises. Sound pressure levels (dBA) were measured at 30 minutes intervals in the vicinity of a hospital environment. The resultant time series is analyzed using the Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Averages (ARIMA) modeling technique. The time series is found to be non stationary. After first differencing, the transformed series becomes stationary and is found to be governed by a moving average process of order 1.

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Removal of Chromium from Aqueous Solution by Indian Gooseberry Seed Powder as Adsorbent

Vol. 9 No. 4

Year: 2014

Issue: May-Jul

Title : Removal of Chromium from Aqueous Solution by Indian Gooseberry Seed Powder as Adsorbent

Author Name : D. Krishna, D. V. Padma , P. Kavya Sruthi, P. Siva Prasad

Synopsis :

In this present study, a low cost adsorbent is prepared from naturally and abundantly available Indian gooseberry seed powder which is a non-conventional adsorbent and is biodegradable. Batch experiments are carried out to investigate the effect of various process parameters such as agitation time, the adsorbent size, adsorbent dosage, initial chromium concentration and the effect of pH solution . The maximum adsorption of chromium is obtained at pH value of 2. The equilibrium data for the adsorption of chromium on Indian gooseberry seed powder is tested with various adsorption isotherms such as ‘Langmuir’, ‘Freundlich’ and ‘Tempkin’ isotherms. The Langmuir and Freundlich were found to be significant for the removal of chromium (VI) using Indian gooseberry seed powder and the maximum metal uptake is found to be 38.46 mg/g at pH value of 2. The adsorption process follows the second order kinetics and corresponding constants are obtained. In this study, Indian gooseberry seed powder is an effective and affordable adsorbent for hexavalent chromium removal from industrial waste water.

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Hydrodynamic Methods of Extraction of Immobile Hydrocarbon Liquids in Inhomogeneous Capillaries

Vol. 9 No. 4

Year: 2014

Issue: May-Jul

Title : Hydrodynamic Methods of Extraction of Immobile Hydrocarbon Liquids in Inhomogeneous Capillaries

Author Name : Geilani M. Panakhov, Elkhan M. Abbasov , Abbasova N.N , Sayavur I. Bakhtiyarov

Synopsis :

A new technological solution to improve the process of oil displacement by water flood can be done by increasing the hydrodynamic pressure periodically. The proposed technology allows, to overcome the resistance of capillary forces and to widen the injection zone. The filtration experiments were conducted under conditions corresponding to the reservoir through a composite rock sample of cylindrical shape which is made from natural reservoir core deposits of Western Siberia. The proposed technique also allows to estimate the pressure distribution along the propagation of the formation on discrete areas of the reservoir as the displacement front moves, and so, the time frame of the hydrodynamic pressure drop changes. It also allows to determining the duration and phasing of pressure control in order to achieve the expected hydrodynamic effect and consequently, increase the flow of oil to the producing wells.

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A Review on Treatment of Sugar Industry Effluents by Up Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor

Vol. 9 No. 3

Year: 2014

Issue: Feb-Apr

Title : A Review on Treatment of Sugar Industry Effluents by Up Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor

Author Name : Vamsi Krishna Reddy, Durgha Prasad, Sujatha V, sridevi veluru

Synopsis :

The world demand for sugar is the primary driver for Sugarcane Industry. In many developing countries, especially in Asia and South America, Sugarcane industry is one of the most prevalent agricultural industries. As a consequence, sugar cane industry has significant wastewater production. Rapid urbanization and industrialization in the developing countries like India are facing severe problems in collection, treatment and disposal of effluents. Un managed sugar mill effluent is found to have high contents of COD, BOD, TSS, TDS, and low contents of DO resulting in large scale contamination of land, water and air. This leads to serious public health problems and environmental degradation. Unfortunately, due to lack of knowledge, financial support and sometimes unwillingness to spend on treatment of wastewater, most of sugar industries in developing countries discharge wastewater without adequate treatment. For treating the biodegradable impurities, the natural choice is biological treatment, which could either be aerobic or anaerobic. But anaerobic digestion is an attractive waste treatment practice in which both pollution control and energy recovery can be achieved. Sugar industry wastewater was treated in a UASB ( Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket). In this review, the sugar industry wastewater generation sources, characteristics, recent advancements in the aerobic, anaerobic, and physico-chemical treatment technologies, Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor technology and the areas needing further research have been explored.

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Studies on Alcohol Fermentation of Cashew Apple Juice Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Vol. 9 No. 3

Year: 2014

Issue: Feb-Apr

Title : Studies on Alcohol Fermentation of Cashew Apple Juice Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Author Name : S.K. Masud Hossain, Anatharaman N

Synopsis :

The use of cashew apple juice to produce biofuel-alcohol by biotechnological process represents an important alternative to avoid wastage of large quantity of the fruit. Faced with the challenges of transforming raw materials and given the large amounts of cashew fruits destroyed at the expense of cashew nuts, a study of the fermentation of cashew apple juice is required for economic utilization of the agro-residue. This paper focuses on the alcohol fermentation of cashew apple juice by inoculation with yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in CSBR. The optimum parameters for the bioethanol fermentation are time, 96 h; pH, temperature, 55ºC; stirring speed, 35 rpm; cashew apple juice concentration 400 g/L. Maximum yield of ethanol was found to be 0.493 g/g of cashew apple juice at the optimum −1 −1 parameters. The sp. yeast growth rate (m) was 7.05 s and maximum sp. yeast growth rate ( m) was 14.10 s using MAX Monod Model respectively. The enzyme kinetic parameter (Km) was 160.5 g/L for ethanol fermentation at optimum bioprocess conditions. Kinetics of ethanol fermentation from cashew apple juice shows a good agreement with the first order rate kinetics.

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Analysis of Carbon Monoxide Pollutants by Using Sensors: and Remedial Measures

Vol. 9 No. 3

Year: 2014

Issue: Feb-Apr

Title : Analysis of Carbon Monoxide Pollutants by Using Sensors: and Remedial Measures

Author Name : Kavitha G, Aswini N, sridevi veluru

Synopsis :

Air pollution through fine and ultra-fine particles is a major threat to human health in cities of developed and especially of developing countries. Carbon Monoxide (CO) is the main pollutant in industries, residence and rural areas, CO is commonly referred as the “silent Killer”. CO is extremely toxic and often effects victims in such a manner that they fail to recognize the liability. In certain countries, even higher levels of fine particles occur in the indoor environment due to open stove cooking and heating. The carbon monoxide is mainly released in traffic areas, and Parking garages. There are many sources that are Vehicles’ carbon monoxide sources, Home carbon monoxide sources, Travel carbon monoxide sources, Work carbon monoxide sources etc.,and there are so many effects caused by carbon monoxide. In this present work the detailed description on different types of sensing technologies like Solid state Sensors, Electro Chemical Sensors are used for finding CO and remedial measures to control CO are reviewed.

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Studies on the Effect of Antioxidants On Edible Oils in the Indian Context

Vol. 9 No. 3

Year: 2014

Issue: Feb-Apr

Title : Studies on the Effect of Antioxidants On Edible Oils in the Indian Context

Author Name : Susarla Sastry, Ch. V. Ramachandra Murthy

Synopsis :

Edible oil is a perishable ingredient the in daily consumption of food. It deteriorates rapidly under Indian climate conditions. The ever increasing and steady demand for the consumption of edible oil, shows the necessity of investigating their shelf life. Various causes are documented for the deterioration of oil. Hence, during the processing and refining of oil, it is fortified with various synthetically prepared antioxidants. The major antioxidants added in edible oil are t –Butyl Hydro Quinone (TBHQ), Butylated Hydroxy Anisole (BHA) and Propyl Gallate (PG). A study was planned to investigate the effect of different degrees of fortification of antioxidants on shelf life of the oil. Each sample of oil was analyzed chemically and interpreted with respect to the change in their shelf life. It showed that, out of those three antioxidants, BHA was most effective and PG was found to be least effective.

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Removal of Manganese from Aqueous Solution by Limonia Acidissima Hull Powder as Adsorbent

Vol. 9 No. 3

Year: 2014

Issue: Feb-Apr

Title : Removal of Manganese from Aqueous Solution by Limonia Acidissima Hull Powder as Adsorbent

Author Name : D. Krishna, Suresh M, Srikhar I.S, Madhuri N

Synopsis :

Heavy metals like manganese(Mn II ) have been widely used in various industries like rubber processing, mining, fertilizers, leather, chemical manufacture, metal finishing, metal plating, paint industry and many other industries. Since manganese interferes with laundering operation, imparts objectionable stains to plumbing fixture and causes trouble in distribution systems by supporting growths of iron bacteria, it is very much required to remove manganese from effluents before allowing it to enter on any water system or to land. In this present study, the removal of manganese by adsorption on the limonia acidissima hull powder as adsorbent has been investigated in batch experiments. The agitation time, the adsorbent size, adsorbent dosage, initial manganese concentration and the effect of pH solution are studied. Adsorption mechanism is found to follow ‘Langmuir’ and ‘Freundlich’. The adsorption behavior is described by a second order kinetics. Percentage removal of manganese (VI) is found to be 84.41% at pH=4, w=0.2g, dp=89μm and temperature=303 K. The results obtained in this study illustrate that limonia acidissima hull powder is an effective and economically viable adsorbent for manganese removal from industrial waste water.

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RR Interval Time Series Formulation in ECG Signals

Vol. 9 No. 2

Year: 2014

Issue: Nov-Jan

Title : RR Interval Time Series Formulation in ECG Signals

Author Name : Sautami Basu, Yusuf U Khan

Synopsis :

The clinical importance of the ECG signal in cardiology is well established. Since noise is embedded with signal during acquisition it has to be filtered out in order to deliver accurate fast and reliable estimation of clinical parameters. The Rpeak is an important fiducial point. In the present paper an efficient and straight forward R-peak detection algorithm has been proposed. This leads to formulation of heart rate from accurate RR interval time series. The heart rate is calculated for various ECG records and then compared with original values. The records have been taken from MIT/BIH database to validate the efficiency of the proposed method. Simulation is carried out in MATLAB environment.

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A Novel Approach for Optimization of Gas Lift System: Pilot Tests Results

Vol. 9 No. 2

Year: 2014

Issue: Nov-Jan

Title : A Novel Approach for Optimization of Gas Lift System: Pilot Tests Results

Author Name : Ramiz S. Gurbanov, Nazim B. Nasibov, Sayavur I. Bakhtiyarov

Synopsis :

An optimization of gas lift process is proposed in this research study. The factor of the productive formation operation (well productivity factor) is considered in the proposed method of optimization. The proposed method was applied to five gas lift operated wells on Guneshli oil field (Azerbaijan). The simulations based on the proposed method allowed to provide recommendations in order to optimize the technological parameters for gaslift operated wells on Guneshli oilfield.

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Living and Non-Living Microorganisms as Adsorbents for the Removal of Chromium from Waste Water-A Review

Vol. 9 No. 2

Year: 2014

Issue: Nov-Jan

Title : Living and Non-Living Microorganisms as Adsorbents for the Removal of Chromium from Waste Water-A Review

Author Name : D. Krishna, Padma Sree R

Synopsis :

The contamination of water with chromium is a severe problem. The presence of hexavalent chromium in waste water is severe hazard to aquatic life and humans. Biosorption of heavy metals is an important technique used in the removal of chromium from various sources like industrial waste, aqueous systems and municipal waste waters. Chromium metal removal technique using non-conventional adsorbents such as microorganisms are cheap because of the low cost of adsorbents used and many represent a practical replacement to conventional processes. There are various mechanisms such as kinetic models and adsorption isotherms employed for the efficient removal of hexavalent chromium from various sources. The present review discusses brief findings of hexavalent chromium removal with the maximum metal uptake by using living and non-living microorganisms as adsorbents.

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Design, Construction and Installation of MLULM Device Stand in an Oil Tank

Vol. 9 No. 2

Year: 2014

Issue: Nov-Jan

Title : Design, Construction and Installation of MLULM Device Stand in an Oil Tank

Author Name : Sheikh Rafik Manihar Ahmed

Synopsis :

This Paper explains the design, construction and installation of Multi-Layer Ultrasonic Level Measuring device stand, which makes the device contactless from liquids in an oil tank. The appropriate design of the multi-layer ultrasonic level measuring device (MLULM) stand helps for accurate measurement of level or interface level of the liquids to determine and examine the propagation of the ultrasonic wave pulse in oil, oil-water mixture (Emulsion or rag layer) and water liquids. A common measurement in these industries is detecting the interface level between two liquids or mixed liquids in the Oil refinery tank or vessel, such as oil, water and mixed liquids (Emulsion) is a must [5-9]. The difference in specific gravity or density of the two liquids in the refinery tanks shows that the lower density liquid will float on top of the higher density liquid in the oil refinery tank. But an emulsion or water-oil mixed rag layer will exist between the oil and water liquids [16, 4]. This interface situation creates multiple interfaces between more than two products or the interface between a lower density liquid and a higher density liquid in the oil refinery tank. An oil refinery does not want any water to enter the distillation process. Accuracy is very important here because any crude oil in the water means product losses, and presence of water in the oil requires extra inlet separation processing for refinery Industry [11-14]. The Separation of the Liquids in the refinery tank is done easily due to a difference in the density or specific gravity of the Liquids. This difference is enough to cause the water and oil to be separate. It may be too small of a difference on which to base an interface measurement. Some variables are required to control the process such as the overall level value needed as well as the interface and the thickness of the upper layer to prevent cross contamination of the separate liquids.

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Environmental Engineering Paradigm and Vision for the Immediate Future

Vol. 9 No. 2

Year: 2014

Issue: Nov-Jan

Title : Environmental Engineering Paradigm and Vision for the Immediate Future

Author Name : Sukanchan Palit

Synopsis :

Environmental Engineering Science is crossing one frontier over another. Man's vision is wide, far-reaching and proven over the decades and centuries. Man's scientific endeavour is surpassed by one barrier over another. Zero discharge norms is the vision of tomorrow in environmental engineering perspective. An environmental engineering scientific Endeavour needs to be validated in the pursual of future vision of membrane science. The vision needs to be of sound technical knowledge and prowess. In the pursuit of knowledge and innovation, the world of challenges beckons in the horizon of barriers time and again. Here comes the necessity of a sound environmental engineering perspective. The vision is wide and clear- membrane science is today's environmental engineering technique. Membrane science is surpassing one frontier over another. In today's age, man's as well as scientist's target should be towards environmental and energy sustainability. Provision of pure drinking water to the common mass has an umbilical cord with environmental sustainability. A scientist's vision will be validated only when scientific endeavour reaches the rural and urban milieu. In this paper, the author delineates the importance of membrane science and the immense application of reverse osmosis in the provision of clean drinking water and desalination.

Man's vision is unsurpassed, groundbreaking and inspiring. The caution and the order of the present-day civilization with respect to environmental engineering perspective is to target zero-discharge norms. Introspection, vision and hope will surely lead mankind to its achievable goals. Today's world has crucial and critical perspectives. Provision of drinking water will surely be a boon to the endless scientific endeavors in membrane science and technology. Desalination of sea water and removal of metals from groundwater will be the target and vision of tomorrow's engineering Endeavour.

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